2007年12月5日 星期三

Great Smog of 1952

1952年倫敦煙霧事件

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1952年倫敦煙霧事件1952年12月5日9日發生在倫敦的一次嚴重大氣污染事件。這次事件造成多達12000人因為空氣污染而喪生,並推動了英國環境保護立法的進程。

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[編輯] 事件經過

1952年12月5日開始,逆溫層籠罩倫敦,城市處於高氣壓中心位置,垂直和水準的空氣流動均停止,連續數日空氣寂靜無風。當時倫敦冬季多使用燃煤採暖,市區內還分佈有許多以為主要能源的的火力發電站。由於逆溫層的作用,煤炭燃燒產生的二氧化碳一氧化碳二氧化硫、粉塵等污染物在城市上空蓄積,引發了連續數日的大霧天氣。期間由於毒霧的影響,不僅大批航班取消,甚至白天汽車在公路上行駛都必須打開大燈。

當時在正在倫敦舉辦一場展覽會,參展的牛隻首先對煙霧產生了反應,350頭牛有52頭嚴重中毒,14頭奄奄一息,1頭當場死亡。不久倫敦市民也對毒霧產生了反應,許多人感到呼吸困難、眼睛刺痛,發生哮喘咳嗽等呼吸道癥狀的病人明顯增多,進而死亡率陡增,據史料記載從12月5日到12月8日的4天里,倫敦市死亡人數達4000人。根據事後統計,在發生煙霧事件的一周中,48歲以上人群死亡率為平時的3倍;1歲以下人群的死亡率為平時的2倍,在這一周內,倫敦市因支氣管炎死亡704人,冠心病死亡281人,心臟衰竭死亡244人,結核病死亡77人,分別為前一周的9.5、2.4、2.8和5.5倍,此外肺炎、肺癌、流行性感冒等呼吸系統疾病的發病率也有顯著性增加。

12月9日之後,由於天氣變化,毒霧逐漸消散,但在此之後兩個月內,由於又有近8000人因為煙霧事件而死於呼吸系統疾病

事件之後倫敦市政當局開始著手調查事件原因,但未果。此後的1956年1957年1962年又連續發生了多達十二次嚴重的煙霧事件。直到1965年後,有毒煙霧才從倫敦消聲匿跡。

[編輯] 原因

發生1952年倫敦煙霧事件的直接原因是燃煤產生的二氧化硫粉塵污染,間接原因是開始於12月4日的逆溫層所造成的大氣污染物蓄積。燃煤產生的粉塵表面會大量吸附水,成為形成煙霧的凝聚核,這樣便形成了濃霧。另外燃煤粉塵中含有三氧化二鐵成分,可以催化另一種來自燃煤的污染物二氧化硫氧化生成三氧化硫,進而與吸附在粉塵表面的化合生成硫酸霧滴。這些硫酸霧滴吸入呼吸系統後會產生強烈的刺激作用,使體弱者發病甚至死亡。

[編輯] 影響

1952年的煙霧事件並非倫敦歷史上第一次嚴重的煙霧事件,據史料記載倫敦最早的有毒煙霧事件可以追溯到1837年2月,那次事件造成至少200名倫敦市民死亡。而在1952年之後,倫敦也多次發生煙霧事件。

1952年的事件引起了民眾和政府當局的注意,使人們意識到控制大氣污染的重要意義,並且直接推動了1956年英國潔淨空氣法案的通過。

1952年倫敦煙霧事件被環保主義者看做20世紀重大環境災害事件之一,並且作為煤煙型空氣污染的典型案例出現在多部環境科學教科書中。

[編輯] 類似事件

1952年倫敦煙霧是比較典型的由於燃煤廢氣和天氣因素共同造成的環境災害,在人類歷史上曾經多次出現類似事件:發生在美國1948年多諾拉煙霧事件1930年比利時馬斯河谷煙霧事件1959年墨西哥波薩里卡事件都是此類環境災害的典型案例。

[編輯] 外部連接


Great Smog of 1952

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The Great Smog also referred to as the Big Smoke, befell London starting on 5 December 1952, and lasted until 9 December 1952. This catastrophe caused or advanced the death of thousands and formed an important impetus to the modern environmental movement. Deaths in most cases during the Great Smog were due to respiratory tract infections from hypoxia (low level of oxygenation of blood) due to mechanical obstruction of the air passages by pus arising from lung infections due to smog. The lung infections were mainly bronchopneumonia or acute purulent bronchitis superimposed upon chronic bronchitis. [1]

Early in December 1952, a cold fog descended upon London. Because of the cold, Londoners began to burn more coal than usual. The resulting air pollution was trapped by the inversion layer formed by the dense mass of cold air. Concentrations of pollutants, coal smoke in particular, built up dramatically. The problem was made worse by use of low-quality high-sulphur coal for home heating in London in order to permit export of higher-quality coal, because of the country's tenuous economic situation [1]. The "fog," or smog, was so thick that driving became difficult or impossible. It entered indoors easily, and concerts and screenings of films were cancelled as the audience could not see the stage or screen.

Since London was known for its fog, there was no great panic at the time. In the weeks that followed, the medical services compiled statistics and found that the fog had killed 4,000 people—most of whom were very young or elderly, or had pre-existing respiratory problems. There was relief that Queen Mary The Queen Dowager, then aged 85 and suffering with respiratory problems, was not at Buckingham Palace at the time of the incident. Another 8,000 died in the weeks and months that followed.

These shocking revelations led to a rethinking of air pollution; the disaster had demonstrated its lethal potential to people around the world. New regulations were put in place restricting the use of dirty fuels in industry and banning black smoke. These included the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and of 1968, and the City of London (Various Powers) Act of 1954.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Camps, Francis E (Ed.) (1976). "Gradwohl's Legal Medicine, 3rd edition" Bristol: John Wright & Sons Ltd, ISBN 0 7236 0310 3. page 236

[edit] External links

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