2008年1月22日 星期二

酗酒

bbc
一項調查表明,英國男人喝酒的數量是女人的一倍,而中產階級酗酒的情況就進一步惡化。

英國國家統計局發表的2006年數據指出,男人每周的平均喝酒量是18.7個單位,女人的平均喝酒量是9個單位。 大約21%的男人和11%的女人每周平均喝酒五天。

在2006年,英國各地的酒精飲料消耗量有所增加,英格蘭地區是每周平均13.7個單位,威爾士為13.5,蘇格蘭則是11.6。 數據也表明,中產階級的酗酒問題日趨惡化,女主人或是男主人是管理階層或是專業人士的家庭,每周平均消耗15.1個單位的酒精飲料。

不過,這項調查顯示,英國整體的酒精消耗量可能下降。 慈善機構"關注酒精"的發言人說,過去20年以來,中產階級家庭酗酒的情況不斷惡化,幾乎是每天都喝。 一些反對酗酒人士呼籲增加酒精類飲料的徵稅,以壓抑酗酒的情況。 不過,葡萄酒與烈酒商會的發言人說,數據顯示酗酒的情況減緩,表明大部分人更理智地喝酒,這證明增加酒精類飲料的徵稅是不適當的。 這名發言人說,不應該因為少部分人的酗酒習慣而讓大部分人受到懲罰。

有關報導
“應提高酒稅以阻止青年人酗酒”
2006年10月27日 | 英國動態
"尼古丁減慢酒精吸收或助長酗酒"
2006年07月25日 | 科技健康
每天一杯酒"只對男人有好處"
2006年05月27日 | 科技健康
狂喝濫飲與24小時賣酒
2006年01月13日 | 時事專題
英國死於酒精攝入過量人數驟增
2005年08月15日 | 科技健康
酗酒原來是“神經病”
2005年01月04日 | 科技健康
"酒精對女性大腦的損害較大"
2005年05月16日 | 科技健康
“女強人更愛借酒消愁”
2004年03月01日 | 中文網主頁

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A large glass of red wine contains about three units of alcohol
A large glass of red wine contains about three units of alcohol

In Britain a unit of alcohol is defined as 10 millilitres (or approximately 8 grams) of ethanol (ethyl alcohol). It is used as a basis for guidelines on consumption of alcoholic beverages; the number of units contained in a typical drink is publicised and marked on bottles.

Contents

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[edit] Formula

The number of units of alcohol in a drink can be determined by multiplying the volume of the drink (in millilitres) by its percentage ABV, and dividing by 1000 (or litres × % abv).

Thus a pint (568ml) of beer at 4% ABV contains

\frac{568 \times 4}{1000} = 2.3\mbox{ units}

In the metric system there is 1 unit per percentage point of ABV in 1 litre of a drink; e.g., 37.5 units in a litre of a typical whisky with 37.5 ABV.

[edit] Quantities

It is often misleadingly stated that a unit is supplied by a small glass of wine, half a pint of beer, or a single measure of spirits.[1] Such statements are misleading because they do not reflect the large differences in strengths and measures of wines, beers and spirits.[2] [3]

  • Beers
    • A half pint (284ml) of ordinary strength (3.5-4% ABV) beer contains about one unit. However, some beers (especially lager) are stronger. In pubs, beers generally range from 4% to 5.5% ABV with continental lagers starting at around 5% ABV. A pint of such lager (568ml at 5.2% for example) is almost 3 units of alcohol, rather than the often-quoted value of 2 units per pint.
    • A 500ml can/bottle of standard lager (5%) generally contains around 2.5 units.
    • 'Super-strength' or strong pale lager may contain as much as two units per half pint.
  • Wines
    • A small glass (125ml) of 8% abv wine contains one unit, or 8 g (0.25 oz) of alcohol. However, British pubs and restaurants usually supply larger quantities (medium: 175 ml or large: 250 ml), and few wines are as weak as 8%; 12% is more usual. A typical pub measure (medium glass - 175 ml) of white wine (at 12%) contains around 2 units (actually 2.1) and a large glass (250 ml) contains 3.0 units. Red wine, which usually has a higher alcohol content (up to 16%), contains for an average 14% abv. an alcohol content of 3.5 units for a large (250 ml glass), approximately one-sixth higher than a typical white wine. Just two bottles of 14% abv. red wine a week will supply the maximum intake of alcohol for a man recommended by UK health guidelines.
    • A 750ml standard bottle of 12% wine contains 9 units. Many wines (especially New World red wines) may contain 14% ABV or more, which is 10.5 units of alcohol per bottle.
  • Fortified wines, etc.
    • A small glass (50ml) of sherry, fortified wine, or cream liqueur (approx. 20% abv) contains about one unit.
  • spirits
    • Most spirits sold in the UK have 40% ABV or slightly less. A single pub measure (about 25ml) of such a spirit contains one unit. However, a larger single measure of 35 ml is now often sold, resulting in the consumption of 1.4 units of alcohol.

[edit] Limits

Since 1995 the UK government has advised that regular consumption of between three and four units a day for men and between two and three units a day for women would not pose significant health risks, but that consistently drinking four or more units a day (men) or three or more units a day (women) is not advisable.[citation needed] Previously (from 1992 till 1995) the advice was that men should drink no more than 21 units per week, and women no more than 14.[citation needed] This was changed because a government study showed that many people were in effect "saving" up their units and "using" them at the end of the week,[citation needed]a phenomenon referred to as binge drinking. The difference between sexes is given due to the (typically) lower weight and water-to-body-mass-ratio of women.

It was claimed in October 2007 that these limits had been "plucked out of the air" and have no scientific basis.[4]

An international study (Kanis, 2005) of almost 6,000 men and 11,000 women found that persons who reported that they drank more than 2 units of alcohol a day had an increased risk of fractures compared to non-drinkers. For example, those who drank over 3 units a day had nearly twice the risk of a hip fracture.[5]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Alcohol and the athlete. BUPA. Retrieved on 2007-07-29.
  2. ^ Alcohol. Retrieved on 2007-07-21.
  3. ^ Alcohol. BBC - Health. Retrieved on 2007-07-29.
  4. ^ Drink limits ‘useless’, The Times, October 20, 2007


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